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| (8 промежуточных версий не показаны.) |
| Строка 1: |
Строка 1: |
| - | == Создаем menubar ==
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| - | Menubar это одна из многих составляющих кашерного приложения с GUI, хотя люди, придумавшие слово "кашерный" могут со мной не согласиться. Сразу же приношу им свои изменения. Что же до menubar, сие есть сгрупированный набор команд. В то время как при использовании консольного приложения вы должны были запоминать все эти загадочные команды ''(странно, а я думал, что загадочным линуксоидам нравится запоминать загадочные команды и от этого становиться еще более загадочными - прим. переводчика)'' arcane commands, here we have most of the commands grouped into logical parts. There are accepted standards that further reduce the amount of time spending to learn a new application.
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| | | | |
| - | In Java Swing, to implement a menubar, we use three objects. A <b>JMenuBar</b>, a
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| - |
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| - | <b>JMenu</b> and a <b>JMenuItem</b>.
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| - |
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| - | == Simple menubar ==
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| - | We begin with a simple menubar example.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
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| - | import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenu;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuBar;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
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| - | import javax.swing.UIManager;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class Menu extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - | public Menu() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("JMenuBar");
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| - |
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| - | JMenuBar menubar = new JMenuBar();
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| - | ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("exit.png");
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| - |
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| - | JMenu file = new JMenu("File");
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| - | file.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem fileClose = new JMenuItem("Close", icon);
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| - | fileClose.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C);
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| - | fileClose.setToolTipText("Exit application");
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| - | fileClose.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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| - | System.exit(0);
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | file.add(fileClose);
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| - |
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| - | menubar.add(file);
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| - |
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| - | setJMenuBar(menubar);
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| - |
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| - | setSize(250, 200);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - |
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| - | new Menu();
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| - |
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | </source>
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| - | <br>
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| - |
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| - | Our example will show a menu with one item. Selecting the close menu item we close the application.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JMenuBar menubar = new JMenuBar();
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | Here we create a menubar.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - |
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| - | ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("exit.png");
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We will display an icon in the menu.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JMenu file = new JMenu("File");
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| - | file.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We create a menu object. The menus can be accessed via the keybord as well. To bind a menu to a particular key, we use the <b>setMnemonic</b> method. In our case, the menu can be opened with the <b>ALT + F</b> shortcut.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | fileClose.setToolTipText("Exit application");
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | This code line creates a tooltip for a menu item.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <br>
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| - | [[image: java_swing_menubar.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | == Submenu ==
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| - | Each menu can also have a submenu. This way we can group similar commnads into groups. For example we can place commands that hide/show various toolbars like personal bar, address bar, status bar or navigation bar into a submenu called toolbars. Within a menu, we can seperate commands with a separator. It is a simple line. It is common practice to separate commands like new, open, save from commands like print, print preview with a single separator.
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| - | Menus commands can be launched via keyboard shortcuts. For this, we define menu item accelerators.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
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| - | import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenu;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuBar;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuItem;
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| - | import javax.swing.KeyStroke;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class Submenu extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - | public Submenu() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("Submenu");
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| - |
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| - | JMenuBar menubar = new JMenuBar();
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| - | ImageIcon iconNew = new ImageIcon("new.png");
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| - | ImageIcon iconOpen = new ImageIcon("open.png");
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| - | ImageIcon iconSave = new ImageIcon("save.png");
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| - | ImageIcon iconClose = new ImageIcon("exit.png");
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| - |
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| - | JMenu file = new JMenu("File");
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| - | file.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
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| - |
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| - | JMenu imp = new JMenu("Import");
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| - | imp.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_M);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem newsf = new JMenuItem("Import newsfeed list...");
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| - | JMenuItem bookm = new JMenuItem("Import bookmarks...");
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| - | JMenuItem mail = new JMenuItem("Import mail...");
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| - |
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| - | imp.add(newsf);
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| - | imp.add(bookm);
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| - | imp.add(mail);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem fileNew = new JMenuItem("New", iconNew);
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| - | fileNew.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_N);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem fileOpen = new JMenuItem("Open", iconOpen);
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| - | fileNew.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_O);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem fileSave = new JMenuItem("Save", iconSave);
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| - | fileSave.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_S);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem fileClose = new JMenuItem("Close", iconClose);
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| - | fileClose.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_C);
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| - | fileClose.setToolTipText("Exit application");
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| - | fileClose.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_W,
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| - | ActionEvent.CTRL_MASK));
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| - |
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| - | fileClose.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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| - | System.exit(0);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | file.add(fileNew);
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| - | file.add(fileOpen);
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| - | file.add(fileSave);
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| - | file.addSeparator();
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| - | file.add(imp);
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| - | file.addSeparator();
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| - | file.add(fileClose);
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| - |
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| - | menubar.add(file);
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| - |
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| - | setJMenuBar(menubar);
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| - |
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| - | setSize(360, 250);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | new Submenu();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | In this example, we create a submenu, a menu separator and an accelerator key.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JMenu imp = new JMenu("Import");
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| - | ...
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| - | file.add(imp);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | A submenu is just like any other normal menu. It is created the same way. We simply add a menu to existing
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| - | menu.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | fileClose.setAccelerator(KeyStroke.getKeyStroke(KeyEvent.VK_W,
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| - | ActionEvent.CTRL_MASK));
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | An accelerator is a key shortcut that launches a menu item. In our case, by pressing <b>Ctrl + W</b> we close the
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| - | application.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | file.addSeparator();
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | A separator is a vertical line that visually separates the menu items. This way we can group items into some
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| - | logical places.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_submenu.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | == JCheckBoxMenuItem ==
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| - | A menu item that can be selected or deselected. If selected, the menu item typically appears with a checkmark next to it. If unselected or deselected, the menu item appears without a checkmark. Like a regular menu item, a check box menu item can have either text or a graphic icon associated with it, or both.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.BorderLayout;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
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| - | import java.awt.event.KeyEvent;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.BorderFactory;
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| - | import javax.swing.JCheckBoxMenuItem;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JLabel;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenu;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuBar;
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| - | import javax.swing.UIManager;
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| - | import javax.swing.border.EtchedBorder;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class CheckMenuItem extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | private JLabel statusbar;
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| - |
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| - | public CheckMenuItem() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("CheckBoxMenuItem");
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| - |
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| - | JMenuBar menubar = new JMenuBar();
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| - | JMenu file = new JMenu("File");
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| - | file.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_F);
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| - |
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| - | JMenu view = new JMenu("View");
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| - | view.setMnemonic(KeyEvent.VK_V);
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| - |
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| - | JCheckBoxMenuItem sbar = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Show StatuBar");
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| - | sbar.setState(true);
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| - |
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| - | sbar.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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| - | if (statusbar.isVisible()) {
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| - | statusbar.setVisible(false);
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| - | } else {
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| - | statusbar.setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | view.add(sbar);
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| - |
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| - | menubar.add(file);
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| - | menubar.add(view);
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| - |
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| - | setJMenuBar(menubar);
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| - |
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| - | statusbar = new JLabel(" Statusbar");
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| - | statusbar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(
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| - | EtchedBorder.RAISED));
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| - | add(statusbar, BorderLayout.SOUTH);
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | setSize(360, 250);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | new CheckMenuItem();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The example shows a <b>JCheckBoxMenuItem.</b>. By selecting the menu item, we toggle the visibility of
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| - | the statusbar.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JCheckBoxMenuItem sbar = new JCheckBoxMenuItem("Show StatuBar");
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| - | sbar.setState(true);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We create the <b>JCheckBoxMenuItem</b> and check it by default. The statusbar is initially visible.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | if (statusbar.isVisible()) {
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| - | statusbar.setVisible(false);
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| - | } else {
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| - | statusbar.setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | Here we toggle the visibility of the statusbar.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | statusbar = new JLabel(" Statusbar");
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| - | statusbar.setBorder(BorderFactory.createEtchedBorder(EtchedBorder.RAISED));
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The statusbar is a simple <b>JLabel</b> component. We put a raised <b>EtchedBorder</b> around the label, so that it is discernible.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_checkboxmenuitem.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | == A popup menu ==
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| - | Another type of a menu is a popup menu. It is sometimes called a context menu. It is usually shown, when we right click on a component. The idea is to provide only the commands, that are relevant to the current context. Say we have an image. By right clicking on the image, we get a window with commands to save, rescale, move etc the image.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.Toolkit;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.*;
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| - | import java.awt.event.*;
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| - |
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| - | public class PopupMenu {
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| - |
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| - | private JPopupMenu menu;
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| - | private Toolkit toolkit;
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| - |
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| - | public PopupMenu(){
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| - |
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| - | JFrame frame = new JFrame("JPopupMenu");
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| - | frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - |
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| - | toolkit = frame.getToolkit();
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| - |
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| - | menu = new JPopupMenu();
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| - | JMenuItem menuItemBeep = new JMenuItem("Beep");
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| - |
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| - | menuItemBeep.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
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| - | toolkit.beep();
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| - | }
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | menu.add(menuItemBeep);
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| - |
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| - | JMenuItem menuItemClose = new JMenuItem("Close");
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| - | menuItemClose.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
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| - | System.exit(0);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | menu.add(menuItemClose);
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| - |
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| - | frame.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
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| - | public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
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| - | if (e.getButton() == e.BUTTON3) {
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| - | menu.show(e.getComponent(), e.getX(), e.getY());
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | frame.setSize(250, 200);
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| - | frame.setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | frame.setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | new PopupMenu();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | Our example shows a demonstrational popup menu with two commands. The first option of the popup menu will beep a sound, the second one will close the window.
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| - |
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| - | In our example, we create a submenu, menu separators and create an accelerator key.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | menu = new JPopupMenu();
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | To create a popup menu, we have a class called <b>JPopupMenu</b>.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JMenuItem menuItemBeep = new JMenuItem("Beep");
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The menu item is the same, as with the standard <b>JMenu</b>
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | frame.addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
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| - | public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {
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| - | if (e.getButton() == e.BUTTON3) {
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| - | menu.show(e.getComponent(), e.getX(), e.getY());
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | });
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The popup menu is shown, where we clicked with the mouse button. The <b>BUTTON3</b> constant is here to enable
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| - | the popup menu only for the mouse right click.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_popupmenu.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | == JToolbar ==
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| - | Menus group commands that we can use in an application. Toolbars provide a quick access to the most frequently used commands. In Java Swing, the <b>JToolBar</b> class creates a toolbar in an application.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.BorderLayout;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
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| - | import javax.swing.JButton;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenu;
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| - | import javax.swing.JMenuBar;
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| - | import javax.swing.JToolBar;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class SimpleToolbar extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public SimpleToolbar() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("SimpleToolbar");
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| - |
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| - | JMenuBar menubar = new JMenuBar();
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| - | JMenu file = new JMenu("File");
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| - | menubar.add(file);
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| - | setJMenuBar(menubar);
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| - |
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| - | JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
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| - |
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| - | ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon(getClass().getResource("exit.png"));
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| - |
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| - | JButton exit = new JButton(icon);
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| - | toolbar.add(exit);
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| - | exit.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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| - | System.exit(0);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | add(toolbar, BorderLayout.NORTH);
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| - |
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| - | setSize(300, 200);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | new SimpleToolbar();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | The example creates a toolbar with one exit button.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | This is the <b>JToolBar</b> constructor.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JButton exit = new JButton(icon);
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| - | toolbar.add(exit);
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| - |
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We create a button and add it to the toolbar.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_simpletoolbar.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | === Toolbars ===
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| - |
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| - | Say, we wanted to create two toolbars. The next example shows, how we could do it.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.BorderLayout;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionEvent;
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| - | import java.awt.event.ActionListener;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.BoxLayout;
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| - | import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
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| - | import javax.swing.JButton;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JPanel;
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| - | import javax.swing.JToolBar;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class Toolbars extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - | public Toolbars() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("Toolbars");
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| - |
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| - | JToolBar toolbar1 = new JToolBar();
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| - | JToolBar toolbar2 = new JToolBar();
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| - |
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| - | JPanel panel = new JPanel();
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| - | panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
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| - |
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| - | ImageIcon newi = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("new.png"));
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| - | ImageIcon open = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("open.png"));
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| - | ImageIcon save = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("save.png"));
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| - | ImageIcon exit = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("exit.png"));
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| - |
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| - | JButton newb = new JButton(newi);
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| - | JButton openb = new JButton(open);
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| - | JButton saveb = new JButton(save);
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| - |
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| - | toolbar1.add(newb);
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| - | toolbar1.add(openb);
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| - | toolbar1.add(saveb);
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| - | toolbar1.setAlignmentX(0);
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| - |
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| - | JButton exitb = new JButton(exit);
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| - | toolbar2.add(exitb);
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| - | toolbar2.setAlignmentX(0);
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| - |
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| - | exitb.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {
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| - | public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event) {
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| - | System.exit(0);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | });
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| - |
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| - | panel.add(toolbar1);
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| - | panel.add(toolbar2);
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| - |
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| - | add(panel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
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| - |
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| - | setSize(300, 200);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | new Toolbars();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We show only one way, how we could create toolbars. Of course, there are several possibilities.
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| - | We put a <b>JPanel</b> to the north of the <b>BorderLayout</b> manager. The panel has a vertical
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| - | <b>BoxLayout</b>. We add the two toolbars into this panel.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JToolBar toolbar1 = new JToolBar();
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| - | JToolBar toolbar2 = new JToolBar();
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | Creation of two toolbars.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JPanel panel = new JPanel();
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| - | panel.setLayout(new BoxLayout(panel, BoxLayout.Y_AXIS));
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The panel has a vertical <b>BoxLayout</b>.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | toolbar1.setAlignmentX(0);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The toolbar is left aligned.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | panel.add(toolbar1);
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| - | panel.add(toolbar2);
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| - |
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| - | add(panel, BorderLayout.NORTH);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We add the toolbars to the panel. Finally, the panel is located into the north part of the frame.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_toolbars.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | === A vertical toobar ===
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| - |
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| - | The following example shows a vertical toobar.
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | import java.awt.BorderLayout;
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| - |
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| - | import javax.swing.ImageIcon;
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| - | import javax.swing.JButton;
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| - | import javax.swing.JFrame;
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| - | import javax.swing.JToolBar;
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| - | import javax.swing.UIManager;
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public class VerticalToolbar extends JFrame {
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| - |
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| - |
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| - | public VerticalToolbar() {
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| - |
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| - | setTitle("Vertical toolbar");
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| - |
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| - | JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar(JToolBar.VERTICAL);
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| - |
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| - | ImageIcon select = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("select.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon freehand = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("freehand.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon shapeed = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("shapeed.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon pen = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("pen.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon rectangle = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("rectangle.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon ellipse = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("ellipse.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon qs = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("qs.gif"));
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| - | ImageIcon text = new ImageIcon(
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| - | getClass().getResource("text.gif"));
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| - |
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| - | JButton selectb = new JButton(select);
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| - | JButton freehandb = new JButton(freehand);
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| - | JButton shapeedb = new JButton(shapeed);
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| - | JButton penb = new JButton(pen);
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| - | JButton rectangleb = new JButton(rectangle);
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| - | JButton ellipseb = new JButton(ellipse);
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| - | JButton qsb = new JButton(qs);
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| - | JButton textb = new JButton(text);
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| - |
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| - | toolbar.add(selectb);
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| - | toolbar.add(freehandb);
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| - | toolbar.add(shapeedb);
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| - | toolbar.add(penb);
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| - | toolbar.add(rectangleb);
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| - | toolbar.add(ellipseb);
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| - | toolbar.add(qsb);
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| - | toolbar.add(textb);
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| - |
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| - | add(toolbar, BorderLayout.WEST);
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| - |
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| - | setSize(250, 350);
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| - | setLocationRelativeTo(null);
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| - | setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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| - | setVisible(true);
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| - | }
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| - |
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| - | public static void main(String[] args) {
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| - | try {
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| - | UIManager.setLookAndFeel(
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| - | UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
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| - | }
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| - | catch (Exception e) {
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| - | System.out.println("Error:" + e.getStackTrace());
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| - | }
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| - | new VerticalToolbar();
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| - | }
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| - | }
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | In the example, we put a vertical toolbar to the left side of the window. This is typical for a graphics applications like <b>Xara Extreme</b> or <b>Inkscape</b>. In our example, we use icons from Xara Extreme application.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar(JToolBar.VERTICAL);
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| - |
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | We create a vertical toolbar.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | add(toolbar, BorderLayout.WEST);
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | The toolbar is placed into the left part of the window.
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| - |
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| - | <source lang="cpp">
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| - | UIManager.setLookAndFeel(
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| - | UIManager.getSystemLookAndFeelClassName());
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| - |
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| - | </source>
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| - |
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| - | I used the system look and feel. In my case, it was the gtk theme. The icons are not transparent, and they
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| - | would not look ok on a different theme.
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| - |
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| - | [[image: java_swing_verticaltoolbar.jpg | center]]
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| - |
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| - | [[Категория:Java]]
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